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Xylocopa pubescens
''Xylocopa pubescens'' is a species of large carpenter bee. Females form nests by excavation with their mandibles, often in dead or soft wood. ''X. pubescens'' is commonly found in areas extending from Southeast Asia to Northeast and West Africa. It must reside in these warm climates because it requires a minimum ambient temperature of 18 degrees Celsius in order to forage.〔Gerling, Dan, Paul David Hurd, and Abraham Hefetz. Comparative behavioral biology of two Middle East species of carpenter bees (Xylocopa Latreille)(Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983.〕
A common area of study in ''X. pubescens'' is its dominance hierarchy and guarding behavior. Colonies start and end with female takeover, either by daughters of the dominant female or by foreign intruders. There is only one reproductively active female in a colony at a time who suppresses the reproduction of other females in the nest. Males hold individual territories which females enter to mate. When an intruder enters another male's territory, the male responds aggressively.
''X. pubescens'' is polylectic, so it forages on many species of plants. It forages on some plants for nectar when preparing bee bread during ontogenesis and forages on others for pollen to feed offspring. Pheromones from Dufour's gland are vital to mark flowers previously visited and also to mark nests so that the foraging bees know where to return.〔 ''X. pubescens'' is known to be an effective pollinator, often more effective than honeybees, but it is not commonly used in today's agricultural settings.〔
== Taxonomy and phylogeny ==
''Xylocopa pubescens'' is in the order Hymenoptera, which includes bees, wasps, ants, and sawflies, and in the family Apidae, which is a large bee family. ''Xylocopa pubescens'' belongs to the ''Xylocopa'' genus in the subfamily Xylocopinae, a genus composed of over 400 species of large carpenter bees. It is a member of the subgenus ''Koptortosoma'', which is the largest ''Xylocopa'' subgenus and is widely distributed with over 200 species.〔Gerling, Dan, Paul David Hurd, and Abraham Hefetz. Comparative behavioral biology of two Middle East species of carpenter bees (Xylocopa Latreille)(Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983.〕 ''X. pubescens'' is polyphyletic and comes from a sister lineage of ''Mesotrichia''.〔Leys, R., Cooper, S. J. B. and Schwarz, M. P. (2002), Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the large carpenter bees, genus Xylocopa (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 77: 249–266. doi: 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00108.x〕
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